Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in number and severity worldwide.
These HABs are chiefly composed of one or more species of cyanobacteria, also known as …

The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing
rapidly in recent years, which is now estimated to be over 25%. NAFLD is one of the most …

Cyanotoxins called microcystins (MCs) are highly toxic and can be present in drinking water
sources. Determining the structure of MCs is paramount because of its effect on toxicity …

The effects of global warming are not limited to rising global temperatures and have set in
motion a complex chain of events contributing to climate change. A consequence of global …

Microcystins (MCs) are a class of biologically active cyclic heptapeptide pollutants produced
by the freshwater alga Microcystis aeruginosa. With increased environmental pollution, MCs …

Abstract Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent hepatotoxin can cause liver damages. However,
research on hepatic lipid metabolism caused by long-term exposure to environmental …

Microcystins (MCs) are widely distributed cyanobacterial toxins in eutrophic waters. At
present, the endocrine-disrupting effects of MCs have been extensively studied, but whether …

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria pose serious threats to human health.
However, the contribution of long-term exposure to MCs to the development of nonalcoholic …

Freshwater prokaryotic cyanobacteria within harmful algal blooms produce cyanotoxins
which are considered major pollutants in the aquatic system. Direct exposure to cyanotoxins …

Obesity, a metabolic disease caused by excessive fat accumulation in the body, has
attracted worldwide attention. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin which …