Purpose: We aimed to produce comprehensive guidelines and recommendations that can
be utilized by orthopaedic practices as well as other specialties to improve the management …

Opioids are an established option in the analgesic armamentarium for managing moderate-
to-severe chronic pain. Long-term opioid use, however, is associated with several potential …

Written for practitioners in the field, this critically acclaimed bestseller provides authoritative
information focused on the investigation of drug-related deaths and practical approaches to …

The use of opioids is becoming a global epidemic, leading to a rise in the occurrence and
recognition of the effects of opioid drugs on the endocrine system. Nonetheless, opioid …

PURPOSE: Decreased bone mineral density defines osteoporosis according to the World
Health Organization and is an important predictor of future fractures. The use of several …

AIM: To examine the frequency and severity of low bone mineral density (BMD) among
patients enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program and to ascertain …

The current literature describes the possible risks for bone fracture in chronic analgesics
users. There are three main hypotheses that could explain the increased risk of fracture …

Osteoporosis, a disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, is characterized by
decreased bone mass and microstructural alterations giving rise to an increased risk of …

Many patients in rehabilitation facilities are affected by polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is
associated with rehabilitation outcomes and functional recovery. Consequently, a …

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides such as melanocortins and β-endorphin (β-
ED) exert their pleiotropic effects via binding to melanocortin receptors (MCR) and opioid …