During the past decade, the culture of air‐breathing fish species has increased dramatically
and is now a significant global source of protein for human consumption. This development …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of glutamine synthesis in
fish which is a very effective ammonia detoxification strategy. In this study, the full-length GS …

Ammonia stress in aquaculture systems poses a great threat to the growth and survival of
the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Although the ammonia stress tolerance …

The obligatory air-breathing mud eel (Monopterus cuchia) is frequently being challenged
with high environmental ammonia (HEA) exposure in its natural habitats. The present study …

Frogs evolved terrestrial development multiple times, necessitating mechanisms to avoid
ammonia toxicity at early stages. Urea synthesis from ammonia is a key adaptation that …

The facultative air-breathing magur catfish (Clarias magur) frequently face different
environmental challenges, such as hyper-ammonia, and desiccation stresses in their natural …

The Indian freshwater air-breathing catfishes Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus
are hardy and capable of living in derelict water bodies and tolerating temporary water …

Functional amino acids (FAA) regulate metabolic pathways directly linked to health, survival,
growth and development. Arginine is a FAA with crucial roles in protein deposition and the …

The urea cycle is an endogenous source of arginine that also supports removal of
nitrogenous waste following protein metabolism. This cycle is considered inefficient in …

All organisms produce nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides of purines and
pyrimidines. However, while there have been a number of texts on nucleotide metabolism in …