Until now, three types of well‐recognized cancer treatments have been developed, ie,
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; these either remove or directly attack the cancer …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling pathways are ubiquitous and
essential regulators of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration …

With its vast amount of uncharacterized and characterized T cell epitopes available for
activating CD4+ T helper and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes simultaneously, whole tumor …

The broad field of gene therapy promises a number of innovative treatments that are likely to
become important in preventing deaths from cancer. In this review, we discuss the history …

Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field. GM-CSF, a potent cytokine promoting the
differentiation of myeloid cells, can also be used as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to elicit …

Advances in basic immunology have led to an improved understanding of the interactions
between the immune system and tumours, generating renewed interest in approaches that …

Immune system regulation is of paramount importance to host survival. In settings of
autoimmunity and alloimmunity, control is lost, resulting in injury to vital organs and tissues …

Enthusiasm for therapeutic cancer vaccines has been rejuvenated with the recent
completion of several large, randomized phase III clinical trials that in some cases have …

The transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in diverse
cellular processes. TGF-β switches its role from a tumor suppressor in normal or dysplastic …

Cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) function at different stages of the
cancer immune cycle due to their distinct mechanisms of action. Therapeutic cancer …