Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …

Recent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma
exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated …

The mechanisms by which childhood maltreatment increases anxiety is unclear, but a
propensity for increased defensive behavior in rodent models of early life stress (ELS) …

The S100B astroglial protein is widely used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in
several conditions of brain injury. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum S100B variations have …

The open field test is one of the most popular ethological tests to assess anxiety-like
behavior in rodents. In the present study, we examined the effect of early deprivation (ED), a …

A review of 7 published studies and 1 anecdotal report involving dogs born in high-volume
commercial breeding establishments and sold to the consumer directly via the Internet or …

We tested the effect of early-life stress (ELS)–24 h maternal deprivation (MD) at postnatal
day (PND) 3–on cognitive performance and hippocampal structure in 12–17-week-old …

The double-hit hypothesis posits that an early life genetic or environmental insult sets up a
neural predisposition to psychopathology, which may emerge in the presence of a …