Aim This clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain provides
recommendations and algorithms for clinicians to assess and diagnose chest pain in adult …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disease which affects approximately 13% of the
world's population. Over time, CKD can cause renal dysfunction and progression to end …

US Renal Data System 2021 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the
United States Page 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY <LRH>Johansen et al <DOC>Executive …

Background Reports indicate that those most vulnerable to developing severe coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) are older adults and those with underlying illnesses, such as …

Metformin, as the basic pharmacological therapy and the first preventive drug in type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is proved to have potential protection in diabetic kidney disease …

Two coding variants of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), called G1 and G2, explain much of the
excess risk of kidney disease in African Americans. While various cytotoxic phenotypes have …

Inflammation, a process intimately linked to renal disease, can be defined as a complex
network of interactions between renal parenchymal cells and resident immune cells, such as …

Background Globally, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal
disease. As the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, DKD is a thorny …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most prevalent comorbidities of diabetes
mellitus and the leading cause of the end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). DKD results from …

Environmental changes can induce diversity shifts within ecosystems that affect interactions
between species. Similarly, the development of kidney disease induces shifts within the …