Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producing country. The oil palm industry (plantation
and milling) generates large amounts of solid waste in the form of empty fruit bunches (EFB) …

Using biomass waste for renewable energy and sustainable fuel production has gained
significant attention recently. This review investigates the potential biomass waste sources …

This paper provides a critical review on the current status and potential of biomass utilization
in ferrous metallurgical processes, ie, the blast furnace (BF)–basic oxygen furnace (BOF) …

Direct reduction of iron ore pellets (DRI) with and without biomass was studied using
hydrogen as the reducing agent. The influences of temperature and time on the reduction …

The reduction characteristics of hematite particles (ie, Fe 2 O 3) in H 2 and CO atmospheres
were experimentally investigated using isothermal thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The …

A major industrial solid waste, iron tailings occupy a large area and pose long-term pollution
risks. The pyrolysis gas of biomass was used as reducing agent to suspension magnetize …

The iron and steel industries are major players in economic development, however, pose a
challenge to the environment due to the huge emission of greenhouse gases. Further, the …

This review aims to show the significance of the use of secondary carbon bio-carriers for iron
and steel production. The term 'secondary carbon bio-carriers' in this review paper refers to …

Ferrochrome slag (FCS) is a by-product of ferrochrome industries and is produced during
the extraction of ferrochrome from chromite ore. The chemical composition of FCS comprises …

The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese,
silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc …