Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are the
most commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. HOCl is a fast-acting and potent …

Bacteria assume distinct lifestyles during the planktonic and biofilm modes of growth.
Increased levels of the intracellular messenger c-di-GMP determine the transition from …

The ability of Salmonella to form complex surface-associated communities, called biofilms,
contributes to its resistance and persistence in both host and non-host environments and is …

Biofilms are adherent aggregates of bacterial cells that form on biotic and abiotic surfaces,
including human tissues. Biofilms resist antibiotic treatment and contribute to bacterial …

Bacteria use diverse small molecules for extra-and intracellular signaling. They scan small-
molecule mixtures to access information about both their extracellular environment and their …

Salmonellae are important causes of enteric diseases in all vertebrates. Characterization of
the molecular mechanisms that underpin the interactions of salmonellae with their animal …

Cyclic-di-GMP is a ubiquitous second messenger in bacteria. The recent discovery that c-di-
GMP antagonistically controls motility and virulence of single, planktonic cells on one hand …

Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger of growing recognition
involved in the regulation of a number of complex physiological processes. This review …

HD-GYP is a protein domain of unknown biochemical function implicated in bacterial
signaling and regulation. In the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the …