Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a major component of the systems that
respond to stress, by coordinating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Tightly …

Sex differences in neurological disease extend from incidence, severity, progression and
symptoms and may ultimately influence treatment. Cognitive disturbances are frequent in …

Estrogens exert profound effects on the expression of anxiety in humans and rodents;
however, the directionality of these effects varies considerably within both clinical and …

Past research suggested that androgens may play a role in the regulation of adult
neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating androgen …

Testosterone and estrogen are essential for male behaviors in vertebrates. How these two
signaling pathways interact to control masculinization of the brain and behavior remains to …

Estrogens have numerous effects on the brain, both in adulthood and during development.
These actions of estrogen are mediated by two distinct estrogen receptor (ER) systems, ER …

This review briefly summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the role of
androgens in maintaining normal hippocampal structure. Studies in rats and vervet monkeys …

Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and androgen receptor (AR) are found in high levels within
populations of neurons in the hypothalamus. To determine whether AR or ERβ plays a role …