What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune
system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines …

It is now widely recognized that neutrophils are sophisticated cells that are critical to host
defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, concepts such as neutrophil …

Mammalian interleukin (IL)-2 is a cytokine centrally involved in the differentiation and
survival of CD4+ T helper subsets and CD4+ T regulatory cells and in activation of cytotoxic …

Chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines that appeared about 650 million years ago, at
the emergence of vertebrates, and are responsible for regulating cell migration under both …

Immunostimulants and vaccines are important for controlling infectious diseases in fish
aquaculture. In this study we assess the potential of flagellin to be used for such purposes in …

The evolution of the IFN system, the major innate antiviral mechanism of vertebrates,
remains poorly understood. According to the detection of type I IFN genes in cartilaginous …

The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with a general overview of the fish immune
system, including commonalities and particularities in comparison with higher vertebrate …

Simple Summary Inflammation is a central part of the body's response to harm that can be
elicited by microbes, environmental factors, or internal injuries. This complex physiological …

Phagocytes are highly motile immune cells that ingest and clear microbial invaders, harmful
substances, and dying cells. Their function is critically dependent on the expression of …