BACKGROUND Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) reduce levels of androgen,
especially testosterone (T), by inhibiting ovarian and adrenal androgen synthesis and by …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We review methodological considerations for
the inclusion of women in sex and menstrual cycle phase comparison studies. What …

Abstract Cosponsoring Associations: The American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the
European Society of Endocrinology, and the Pediatric Endocrine Society. This guideline was …

The Female Athlete Triad is a medical condition often observed in physically active girls and
women, and involves three components:(1) low energy availability with or without …

The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationships among energy availability,
menstrual function, and bone mineral density, which may have clinical manifestations …

The female reproductive life cycle is one of the most important biological rhythms. From
prepuberty through to menarche, conception, pregnancy, the postpartum period …

Context: The female athlete triad (the triad) is an interrelationship of menstrual dysfunction,
low energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral …

Context: Bone mineral density (BMD) is lower in young amenorrheic athletes (AA) compared
to eumenorrheic athletes (EA) and nonathletic controls and may contribute to fracture risk …

Hypothalamic amenorrhoea (HA) accounts for approximately 30% of cases of secondary
amenorrhoea in women of reproductive age. It is caused by deficient secretion of …

Athletes are affected in various ways by prescription or over-the-counter medications and by
the use of supplements. Physicians caring for athletes need to be aware of the medicines …