The relationship between genotype and phenotype is not one to one. This statement is
central to our understanding of how natural selection shapes phenotypic evolution. Here, we …

There is growing evidence from both experimental and non-experimental studies that
fluctuating asymmetry does not consistently index stress or fitness. The widely held–yet …

Each year ecotoxicological problems become increasingly complex and encompass
broader spatial and temporal scales. Our practical understanding must evolve accordingly to …

The field of developmental instability has generated a large amount of controversy recently,
mostly because of fierce disagreement over the genetic basis of fluctuating asymmetry and …

▪ Abstract Variation in the subtle differences between right and left sides of bilateral
characters, or fluctuating asymmetry (FA), has long been considered to be primarily …

Abstract. Developmental integration is the covariation among morphological structures due
to connections between the developmental processes that built them. Here we use the …

Honey bee workers maintain the brood nest of their colony within a narrow temperature
range of 34.5±1.5° C, implying that there are significant fitness costs if brood is reared …

The increase in human activities that leads to wildlife decline and species extinction poses
an urgent need for simple indicators of environmental stress in animal populations. Several …

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which has been examined in a variety of plants and animals, is
widely promoted as a useful bioindicator of exogenous stressors in habitats, whether of …

Environmental and genetic factors increasingly stress natural populations, and
conservationists need simple tools to measure the effect of these stresses before …