Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neuropeptide that plays numerous important
roles in synaptic development and plasticity. While its importance in fundamental physiology …

Ketamine exerts rapid antidepressant action in depressed and treatment-resistant
depressed patients within hours. At the same time, ketamine elicits a unique form of …

Ketamine produces rapid antidepressant action in patients with major depression or
treatment-resistant depression. Studies have identified brain-derived neurotrophic factor …

Mutations in Shank3 are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders and neural
circuit changes in several brain areas, but the cellular mechanisms that underlie these …

To perform computations with the efficiency necessary for animal survival, neocortical
microcircuits must be capable of reconfiguring in response to experience, while carefully …

Neuronal and synaptic plasticity are widely used terms in the field of psychiatry. However,
cellular neurophysiologists have identified two broad classes of plasticity. Hebbian forms of …

Lithium has long been used for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, due to its robust
beneficial effect as a mood stabilizing drug. Lithium's effectiveness for improving …

Over the last six decades, lithium has been considered the gold standard treatment for the
long-term management of bipolar disorder due to its efficacy in preventing both manic and …

Current pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder are inadequate and based on
serendipitously discovered drugs often with limited efficacy, burdensome side-effects, and …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by repeated mood swings.
Although genetic factors are collectively associated with the etiology of BD, the underlying …