Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or
susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored …

Intestinal homeostasis depends on complex interactions between the microbiota, the
intestinal epithelium and the host immune system. Diverse regulatory mechanisms …

Intestinal microbial metabolites are conjectured to affect mucosal integrity through an
incompletely characterized mechanism. Here we showed that microbial-specific indoles …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative
colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammation of the small intestine and colon caused by a …

Dietary amino acids (AAs) are not only absorbed and metabolized by enterocytes but also
available to the microbiota in the gut in mammals. In addition to serving as the materials for …

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils play a critical role in the maintenance of
intestinal homeostasis. They have elegant defense mechanisms to eliminate microbes that …

Intestinal mucosal barrier function is the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate
containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules while preserving the ability to absorb …

A highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous
system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system
may “sense” the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In …

Background Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by
intestinal immune dysfunction. Multiple factors, including gut dysbiosis, are involved in the …