Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections
and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss …

Inhibitors of the Programmed Cell Death 1: Programmed Cell Death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1: PD-
L1) pathway, a central regulator of T cell exhaustion, have been recently shown to be …

Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many
acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior …

Functional impairment of T cells is characteristic of many chronic mouse and human viral
infections. The inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1), a …

T‐cell exhaustion is characterized by the stepwise and progressive loss of T‐cell functions
and can culminate in the physical deletion of the responding cells. Exhaustion is well …

Chronic viral infections often result in ineffective CD8 T-cell responses due to functional
exhaustion or physical deletion of virus-specific T cells. However, how persisting virus …

Flow cytometric detection of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells has previously been limited to
MHC-class I tetramer staining or intracellular cytokine production, neither of which measure …

Memory CD8 T cells are an important component of protective immunity against viral
infections, and understanding their development will aid in the design of optimal vaccines …

CD8+ T cells are the key executioners of the adaptive immune arm, which mediates
antitumor and antiviral immunity. Naïve CD8+ T cells develop in the thymus and are quickly …

Many persistent viral infections induce dysfunctional T cell responses. Although a negative
correlation exists between viral load and T cell responses during chronic infection, it is not …