Infection and inflammation are relevant entities of male reproductive disorders that can lead
to sub-/infertility. Associated damage of the testis of affected men and in rodent models …

Macrophages comprise a heterogeneous immune cell population and display niche-specific
phenotypes and functions in almost all organs. Testicular macrophages (TMs) perform …

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that fetal-derived tissue-resident macrophages
have developmental functions. It has been proposed that macrophages promote testicular …

The gallbladder stores bile between meals and empties into the duodenum upon demand
and is thereby exposed to the intestinal microbiome. This exposure raises the need for …

Inflammation in the testes induced by infection and autoimmunity contributes significantly to
male infertility, a public health issue. Current therapies using antibiotics and broad-spectrum …

Abstract Experimental autoimmune-orchitis (EAO), a rodent model of chronic testicular
inflammation and fibrosis, replicates pathogenic changes seen in some cases of human …

The physiological process of male reproduction relies on the orchestration of
neuroendocrine, immune, and energy metabolism. Spermatogenesis is controlled by the …

Macrophage is the important sentinel cell type of innate immune system, and bridge with the
adaptive immune response via antigen presentation. Tissue-resident macrophages are …

The epididymis functions as transition zone for post-testicular sperm maturation and storage
and faces contrasting immunological challenges, ie tolerance towards spermatozoa vs …

Introduction One of the most intriguing aspects of male reproductive physiology is the ability
of the epididymis to prevent the mounting of immune responses against the onslaught of …