Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released by both eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells; they not only serve physiological functions, such as disposal of cellular …

Ceramides are bioactive sphingolipids that support the structure of the plasma membrane
and mediate numerous cell-signaling events in eukaryotic cells. The finding that ceramides …

Sphingomyelin (SM) can be converted into ceramide (Cer) by neutral sphingomyelinase
(NSM) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Cer is a second messenger of lipids and can …

Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by
deficient activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) enzyme, leading to the accumulation of …

Background: Imbalanced cellular immunity is critical to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE). Recently, autophagy has emerged as a key homeostatic mechanism …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a respiratory illness associated
with high mortality, has been classified as a pandemic. The major obstacles for the clinicians …

Lysosomes are organelles containing acidic hydrolases that are responsible for lysosomal
degradation and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. They play an important role in …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary malignant brain tumor with a dismal prognosis, partially
due to our inability to completely remove and kill all GBM cells. Rapid tumor recurrence …

The lipid hydrolase enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is required for the conversion of
the lipid cell membrane component sphingomyelin into ceramide. In cancer cells, ASM …

We have only recently begun to understand how cancer metabolism affects antitumor
responses and immunotherapy outcomes. Certain immunometabolic targets have been …