Activins are dimeric glycoproteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta
superfamily and resulting from the assembly of two beta subunits, which may also be …

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), together with Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β
and Activins/Inhibins constitute the TGF-β superfamily of ligands. This superfamily is formed …

BACKGROUND Growth factors are proteins secreted by a number of cell types that are
capable of modulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. It is well …

TGF-β ligands stimulate diverse cellular differentiation and growth responses by signaling
through type I and II receptors. Ligand antagonists, such as follistatin, block signaling and …

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are
oocyte-specific growth factors with central roles in mammalian reproduction, regulating …

The discovery of myostatin and our introduction to the “Mighty Mouse” over a decade ago
spurred both basic and applied research and impacted popular culture as well. The …

Activins are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that control
many physiological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, immune …

Activins, cytokine members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, have various
effects on many physiological processes, including cell proliferation, cell death, metabolism …

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a key regulator of ovarian function, is often used in
infertility treatment. Gonadal inhibins suppress FSH synthesis by pituitary gonadotrope cells …

Cripto is a developmental oncoprotein that signals via mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase …