Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that
have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of …

BACKGROUND Global aquatic environments are changing profoundly as a result of human
actions; consequently, so too are the ways in which organisms are distributing themselves …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Over the past decades, three major challenges to marine life have emerged as a
consequence of anthropogenic emissions: ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss …

Ocean models predict a decline in the dissolved oxygen inventory of the global ocean of one
to seven per cent by the year 2100, caused by a combination of a warming-induced decline …

BACKGROUND Oxygen concentrations in both the open ocean and coastal waters have
been declining since at least the middle of the 20th century. This oxygen loss, or …

The Ocean plays a central role in Earth's climate and has absorbed 93% of the extra energy
from the enhanced greenhouse effect and approximately 30% of anthropogenic carbon …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Ecosystem productivity in coastal ocean upwelling systems is threatened by climate change.
Increases in spring and summer upwelling intensity, and associated increases in the rate of …

Deoxygenation is a global problem in coastal and open regions of the ocean, and has led to
expanding areas of oxygen minimum zones and coastal hypoxia. The recent expansion of …