Spiders have been evolving complex and diverse repertoires of peptides in their venoms
with vast pharmacological activities for more than 300 million years. Spiders use their …

Epidural and intrathecal routes are the most effective drug administration methods for pain
management in clinical and experimental medicine to achieve quick results, reduce required …

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) play a critical role in neuroinflammatory diseases,
such as multiple sclerosis (MS). CTK 01512-2 is a recombinant version of the peptide Phα1β …

Epilepsy is characterised by spontaneous recurrent seizures that are caused by an
imbalance between neuronal excitability and inhibition. Since ion channels play …

This study investigated the effects of P/Q-and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)
blockers derived from P. nigriventer in glioma progression, by means of in vitro and in vivo …

Background More than 80% of patients may experience acute pain after a surgical
procedure, and this is often refractory to pharmacological intervention. The identification of …

Abstract Sophorae Flavescentis Radix (SFR) is a medicinal herb with many functions that
are involved in anti-inflammation, antinociception, and anticancer. SFR is also used to treat …

The gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRPR) are important components of
itch transmission. Upstream, but not downstream, aspects of GRPR signaling have been …

Ca 2+ channels are voltage-gated ion channels present in the membrane of most excitable
cells. The nomenclature for Ca 2+ channels was proposed by [131] and approved by the NC …

The avulsion of nerve roots of the brachial plexus that is commonly seen in motorcycle
accidents is a type of neuropathy due to deafferentation. This type of pain is clinically …