The simplicity and tractability of the neural circuits mediating behaviors in invertebrates have
facilitated the cellular/molecular dissection of neural mechanisms underlying learning. The …

Elucidating the molecular mechanisms that maintain long-term memory is a fundamental
goal of neuroscience. Accumulating evidence suggests that persistent signaling by the …

Long-term memory (LTM) is believed to be stored in the brain as changes in synaptic
connections. Here, we show that LTM storage and synaptic change can be dissociated …

How the brain maintains long-term memories is one of the major outstanding questions in
modern neuroscience. Evidence from mammalian studies indicates that activity of a protein …

Already in the 1930s Skinner, Konorskiand colleagues debated the commonalities,
differences and interactions among the processes underlying what was then known as …

Multiple kinase activations contribute to long-term synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism
mediating long-term memory. The sensorimotor synapse of Aplysia expresses different …

In vertebrates, a brain‐specific transcript from the atypical protein kinase C (PKC) ζ gene
encodes protein kinase M (PKM) ζ, a constitutively active kinase implicated in the …

How can memories outlast the molecules from which they are made? Answers to this
fundamental question have been slow coming but are now emerging. A novel kinase, an …

Synapses are diverse in form and function. While there are strong evidential and theoretical
reasons for believing that memories are stored at synapses, the concept of a specialized …

Generalization of fear responses to non-threatening stimuli is a feature of anxiety disorders.
It has been challenging to target maladaptive generalized memories without affecting …