Lepidopteran insects provide important model systems for innate immunity of insects,
particularly for cell biology of hemocytes and biochemical analyses of plasma proteins …

Immune function is likely to be a critical determinant of an organism's fitness, yet most
natural animal and plant populations exhibit tremendous genetic variation for immune traits …

Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by
analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction …

Background The gut of most insects harbours nonpathogenic microorganisms. Recent work
suggests that gut microbiota not only provide nutrients, but also involve in the development …

Indole glucosinolates, derived from the amino acid Trp, are plant secondary metabolites that
mediate numerous biological interactions between cruciferous plants and their natural …

Insects lack acquired immunity and were thought to have no immune memory, but recent
studies reported a phenomenon called immune priming, wherein sublethal dose of …

Glucosinolates are defensive secondary compounds that display large structural diversity in
Arabidopsis thaliana and related plants. Much attention has been paid to variation in the …

Honey bees are highly valued for their pollination services in agricultural settings, and
recent declines in managed populations have caused concern. Colony losses following a …

Many organisms defend their fitness against attack from parasites and pathogens by
mounting an immune response. Most physiological immune responses are internal and …

Clotting systems are required in almost all animals to prevent loss of body fluids after injury.
Here, we show that despite the risks associated with its systemic activation, clotting is a …