Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a family of detoxifying enzymes often upregulated
in cancer cells and associated with therapeutic resistance. In humans, the ALDH family …

17β-Estradiol (E2) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of breast cancer.
As a result, blockade of the E2 signal through either tamoxifen (TAM) or aromatase inhibitors …

Breast cancer (BC) cell de-sensitization to Tamoxifen (TAM) or other selective estrogen
receptor (ER) modulators (SERM) is a complex process associated with BC heterogeneity …

The development of local recurrence and metastatic disease, most probably attributable to
the intrinsic or acquired resistance of tumor cells to standard therapy, still constitute the …

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a vital role in tumor progression and metastasis.
They are heterogeneous and inherently radio-and chemoresistant. They have the ability to …

Highlights•Endocrine treatment resistance in estrogen receptor positive breast
cancer.•Technological advancements for the discovery of biomarkers of endocrine …

Acquired endocrine therapy resistance is a significant clinical problem for breast cancer
patients. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to long noncoding RNA …

Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) mediates the initiation and progression
of breast cancer. Therefore, it is important to investigate the molecular mechanisms of …

Disruptive innovations in medicine are game-changing in nature and bring about radical
shifts in the way we understand human diseases, their treatment, and/or prevention. Yet …

Glutathione S‐transferase omega 1 (GSTO 1) contributes to the inactivation of a wide range
of drug compounds via conjugation to glutathione during phase reactions. Chemotherapy …