The objective of this review is to summarize the contribution of animal research using direct
current stimulation (DCS) to our understanding of the physiological effects of transcranial …

Communication between neurons can occur chemically via synaptic transmission. This
communication process begins when an invading depolarization opens voltage-gated …

The effects of uniform steady state (DC) extracellular electric fields on neuronal excitability
were characterized in rat hippocampal slices using field, intracellular and voltage‐sensitive …

Spike-frequency adaptation is the continuous decline in discharge rate in response to a
constant stimulus. We have described three distinct phases of adaptation in rat hypoglossal …

Highlights•Nanofabrication is capable of patterning devices at the same length-scales as
cellular components (ie 10 s of nanometers).•Nanoscale devices can be used to measure …

An endogenous electrical field effect, ie ephaptic transmission, occurs when an electric field
associated with activity occurring in one neuron polarizes the membrane of another neuron …

The broad adoption of tDCS as a tool for non-invasive brain stimulation is fueled by
evidence for its ability to alter cognition and behavior in healthy humans and patients …

Svirskis, Gytis and Jørn Hounsgaard. Transmitter regulation of plateau properties in turtle
motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 45–50, 1998. In motoneurons, generation of plateau …

Since 2000, there has been rapid acceleration in the use of tDCS in both clinical and
cognitive neuroscience research, encouraged by the simplicity of the technique (two …

High-impedance, sharp intracellular electrodes were compared with whole cell patch
electrodes by recording from single spinal neurons in immobilized frog tadpoles. A range of …