Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins
isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and …

Abstract Voltage-activated Na+(Na V) channels are crucial contributors to rapid electrical
signaling in the human body. As such, they are among the most targeted membrane proteins …

An estimated 15% of animals are venomous, with representatives spread across the majority
of animal lineages. Animals use venoms for various purposes, such as prey capture and …

In sensory neurons that transmit pain signals, whether acute or chronic, voltage-gated
sodium channels (VGSCs) are crucial for regulating excitability. Na V 1.1, Na V 1.3, Na V …

Animal venoms are a rich and complex source of components, including peptides (such as
neurotoxins, anionic peptides and hypotensins), lipids, proteins (such as proteases …

Since its development on the cusp of the new millennium, automated patch clamp (APC)
technology has matured over the last two decades. The increased throughput it afforded …

Pain after envenomation is a well-known phenomenon: touching a nettle, stepping on a bee,
or becoming wrapped in jellyfish tentacles are relatively common encounters in our lives …

Thanks to the crosstalk between Na+ and Ca2+ channels, Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis
interplay in so-called excitable cells enables the generation of action potential in response …

The venoms of arachnids, cone snails, and snakes consist of many peptides that have
varieties of physiological activities, eg, modulation of ion channels. We have recently …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) generate the sodium current that is responsible for
the rapid upstroke of the action potential. Therefore, they are a very important component of …