We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

Thermodynamic ablation of ice in contact with the ocean is an essential element of ice sheet
and ocean interactions but is challenging to model and quantify. Building on earlier …

Freshwater discharge from glaciers is increasing across the Arctic in response to
anthropogenic climate change, which raises questions about the potential downstream …

Feedbacks between ice melt, glacier flow and ocean circulation can rapidly accelerate ice
loss at tidewater glaciers and alter projections of sea-level rise. At the core of these …

Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased over the last two decades in
response to changes in global climate, motivating the scientific community to question how …

Satellite‐based estimates of ice shelf melt rates reach 200 m close to the grounding line of
Pine Island Glacier, in West Antarctica. However, ocean simulations have not yet been able …

Abstract Changes in ocean temperature and salinity are expected to be an important
determinant of the Greenland ice sheet's future sea level contribution. Yet, simulating the …

Submarine melting has been implicated as a driver of glacier retreat and sea level rise, but
to date melting has been difficult to observe and quantify. As a result, melt rates have been …

Fjords are conduits for heat and mass exchange between tidewater glaciers and the coastal
ocean, and thus regulate near‐glacier water properties and submarine melting of glaciers …

Ice loss from the world's glaciers and ice sheets contributes to sea level rise, influences
ocean circulation, and affects ecosystem productivity. Ongoing changes in glaciers and ice …