The acid–base relevant molecules carbon dioxide (CO2), protons (H+), and bicarbonate
(HCO3−) are substrates and end products of some of the most essential physiological …

Simple Summary Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme that plays an important role in cellular
signalling in mammals. This review gathers current understanding of the role of adenylyl …

The inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and hearing predator and prey in the
environment. Each inner ear contains three CaCO 3 otolith polycrystals, which are calcified …

Maintaining stable intracellular pH (pHi) is essential for homeostasis, and requires the ability
to both sense pH changes that may result from internal and external sources, and to regulate …

The obligate air‐breathing Amazonian fish, Arapaima gigas, hatch as water‐breathing
larvae but with development, they modify their swim bladder to an air‐breathing organ (ABO) …

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) and its hydration products hydrogen (H+), bicarbonate HCO 3− and
carbonate CO 3 2− ions collectively contribute to the acid-base status of aqueous solutions …

Biomineralizing cells concentrate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and remove protons
from the site of mineral precipitation. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms that …

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a HC O 3−-stimulated enzyme that produces the
ubiquitous signalling molecule cAMP, and deemed an evolutionarily conserved acid–base …

Existence of adenylate cyclases in plants has long been considered unproven. It is only in
the last two decades that biochemical properties of the enzyme and its molecular structure …

This chapter presents an overview of the ionic and osmotic strategies of the major fish
groups, reviews the structure and function of iono-and osmoregulatory tissues, and …