The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

The macronutrient phosphorus is thought to limit primary productivity in the oceans on
geological timescales. Although there has been a sustained effort to reconstruct the …

Abstract Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) can have a significant global climatic effect as
monitored by sedimentary trace and isotopic compositions that record paleo …

Abstract The 'Cambrian Explosion'describes the rapid increase in animal diversity and
abundance, as manifest in the fossil record, between~ 540 and 520 million years ago (Ma) …

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all life on Earth and it acts as a major control on
biological productivity in the modern ocean. Accurate reconstructions of the evolution of life …

Abstract The 'COPSE'(Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur and Evolution)
biogeochemical model predicts the coupled histories and controls on atmospheric O 2, CO 2 …

A geologically rapid Neoproterozoic oxygenation event is commonly linked to the
appearance of marine animal groups in the fossil record. However, there is still debate about …

The snowball Earth hypothesis predicts that low-latitude glaciation lasted millions of years
while CO2 built up to critical levels to culminate in catastrophic deglaciation in a …