Radiocarbon dating uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure time
and date objects containing carbon-bearing material. With a half-life of 5,700±30 years …

We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Solar activity has a cyclic nature with the≈ 11-year Schwabe cycle dominating its variability
on the interannual timescale. However, solar cycles are significantly modulated in length …

We report progress on the ongoing recalibration of the Wolf sunspot number (SN) and group-
sunspot number (GN) following the release of version 2.0 of SN in 2015. This report …

Aims. The 11-year solar cycle (Schwabe cycle) is the dominant pattern of solar magnetic
activity reflecting the oscillatory dynamo mechanism in the Sun's convection zone. Solar …

BACKGROUND Radiocarbon (14C) has long been recognized as providing an essential
dating method covering the past 55,000 years. However, the further role of 14C as a …

The Sun is the main energy source to Earth, and understanding its variability is of direct
relevance to climate studies. Measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) exist since 1978 …

Abstract Study Analysis Group 21 (SAG21) of NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program
Analysis Group was organized to study the effect of stellar contamination on space-based …

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

The total solar irradiance (TSI) varies on timescales of minutes to centuries. On short
timescales it varies due to the superposition of intensity fluctuations produced by turbulent …