Pain is a common word used to refer to a wide range of physical and mental states sharing
hedonic aversive value. Three types of pain are distinguished in this article: Physical pain …

Emotions are complex reactions that allow individuals to cope with significant positive and
negative events. Research on emotion was pioneered by Darwin's work on emotional …

Incentive Relativity summarizes the early history of research on the effects of reward
magnitude on animal behaviour, emphasizing those studies that led to recognition that …

Pérdida de recompensa como dolor psicológico. Este artículo resume una serie de trabajos
que sugieren un paralelo entre los mecanismos del dolor físico y el miedo, y los que …

Intake of an initial substance (eg, 0.15% saccharin) is suppressed when the presentation of
this substance precedes the availability of a preferred solution (eg, 32% sucrose) in brief …

Two experiments explored the role of the opioid system in a situation involving a surprising
reduction in reward magnitude: consummatory successive negative contrast. Rats received …

Behavioral suppression is observed when animals shift from a high to a lower magnitude of
reward in comparison to animals that continuously receive the lower magnitude reward. As …

Rats were used in a successive negative contrast procedure to determine which brain
structures were activated by sucrose concentration downshifts, and on what day this …

When non-food-deprived rats are given intermittent access to certain substances,
consumption of those substances is greater than when more frequent access is provided …

In consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC), when rats receive 32% of
sweetened water and are unexpectedly exposed to 4% of the same solution, they consume …