I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

The methodology for EPOS2012 has been the same as for the other two productions.
Leaders in the field were invited to critically appraise the literature and write a report on a …

Background: Tissue eosinophilia in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a marker of inflammatory
disorders recalcitrant to surgical intervention. Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is …

Studying the pathophysiology of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) has proved
challenging. While this clinical entity is easily distinguishable based on the clinical criteria …

Background Cigarette smoke (CS) plays a role in the exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis
(CRS); however, the mechanism for this is unknown. We hypothesize that CS impairs human …

Background Current clinical classifications of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been largely
defined based upon preconceived notions of factors thought to be important, such as polyp …

Objective Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells, capable of initiating Th1
or Th2 responses, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases …

Objective Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease
characterized by dysregulated inflammation. Abnormalities in innate immune function …

Mucosal immune responses to fungal infection range from T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-directed
allergic inflammation to Th1-predominant neutrophilic inflammation, but the mechanisms …