Stress is a primary risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Evidence from
preclinical models and clinical studies of depression have revealed an array of structural …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Orexins (also called hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that carry out essential
functions in the central nervous system; however, little is known about their release and …

This article reviews the anatomical connections of the paraventricular nucleus of the
thalamus (PVT) and discusses some of the connections by which the PVT could influence …

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively
in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed …

Wakefulness and vigilance levels are required for maintaining purposeful activities and
motivated behaviours, which are often triggered by sensory information conveying external …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Background Somatic complaints and altered interoceptive awareness are common features
in the clinical presentation of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recently, neurobiological …

The hypothalamus is among the most phylogenetically conserved regions in the vertebrate
brain, reflecting its critical role in maintaining physiological and behavioural homeostasis. By …

Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic
neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two …