Stress affects a constellation of physiological systems in the body and evokes a rapid shift in
many neurobehavioral processes. A growing body of work indicates that the …

Hormones produced by glands in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters produced by
the nervous system control many bodily functions. The concentrations of these molecules in …

Over the past decade, our understanding of the role of stress in serious mental illness has
become more sophisticated. In this paper, we revisit the neural diathesis-stress model of …

Many decisions must be made under stress, and many decision situations elicit stress
responses themselves. Thus, stress and decision making are intricately connected, not only …

Objectives To provide a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the available evidence on
the role of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathophysiology of Bipolar …

This paper presents the Adaptive Calibration Model (ACM), an evolutionary–developmental
theory of individual differences in the functioning of the stress response system. The stress …

Environmental challenges are part of daily life for any individual. In fact, stress appears to be
increasingly present in our modern, and demanding, industrialized society. Virtually every …

Psychological stress is thought to arise from appraisal processes that ascribe threat-related
meaning to experiences that tax or exceed our coping ability. Neuroimaging research …

Stress is present in everyday life in various forms and situations. Two stressors frequently
investigated are physiological and psychosocial stress. Besides similar subjective and …

Stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which then modulates the
degree of adaptation and response to a later stressor. It is known that early-life stress can …