Lyme disease was originally identified in Lyme, Connecticut, based upon an unusual cluster
of what appeared to be patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It was subsequently …

The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly
orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward …

The impact of T helper (Th) 1 versus Th2 immunity on intracellular infections is attributed to
classical versus alternative activation of macrophages leading to resistance or susceptibility …

We used multiparameter flow cytometry to characterize leukocyte immunophenotypes and
cytokines in skin and peripheral blood of patients with erythema migrans (EM). Dermal …

Abstract The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the only known human
pathogen that directly activates invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. The number and activation …

The development of experimental Lyme arthritis has been correlated with the expression of
a number of chemokines and cytokines, however, none of these have been measured …

We have previously demonstrated that phagocytosed Borrelia burgdorferi induces activation
programs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that differ qualitatively and …

We examined the interactions of live and lysed spirochetes with innate immune cells. THP-1
monocytoid cells were activated to comparable extents by live Borrelia burgdorferi and by B …

The Borrelia-specific interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 responses of 113 patients and
control subjects were analyzed using the sensitive enzyme-linked immunospot method …

Gene expression analysis previously revealed a robust IFN-responsive gene induction
profile that was selectively up-regulated in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected C3H mice at 1 wk …