Lysozyme is a cornerstone of innate immunity. The canonical mechanism for bacterial killing
by lysozyme occurs through the hydrolysis of cell wall peptidoglycan (PG). Conventional …

The peptidoglycan layers of many gram-positive bacteria are densely functionalized with
anionic glycopolymers known as wall teichoic acids (WTAs). These polymers play crucial …

Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process common to eukaryotes, archae, and
bacteria, represents a secretory pathway that allows cell-free intercellular communication …

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex assemblage of glycopolymers and
proteins. It consists of a thick peptidoglycan sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic …

Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses in the host gastrointestinal tract to
promote health. The genomics era has provided novel opportunities for the discovery and …

Gram-positive organisms, including the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis, have dynamic cell envelopes that mediate …

MreB is essential for rod shape in many bacteria. Membrane-associated MreB filaments
move around the rod circumference, helping to insert cell wall in the radial direction to …

Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive pathogen and a model organism to study cell
division in sequential orthogonal planes in spherical bacteria. However, the small size of …

Bacteria come in a range of shapes, including round, rod-shaped, curved and spiral cells.
This morphological diversity implies that different mechanisms exist to guide proper cell …

Peptidoglycan is the main component of the bacterial wall and protects cells from the
mechanical stress that results from high intracellular turgor. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis is …