The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early
detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an …

In aquatic systems, chemical cues are a major source of information through which animals
are able to assess the current state of their environment to gain information about local …

Nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) have been shown to occur in numerous systems and are
regarded as important mechanisms by which predation structures natural communities …

The ability to recognize a potential predator and display adaptive antipredator behaviour is
crucial to the survival of prey animals. Prey should gain a fitness advantage by displaying …

Strong and unrelenting selection on prey to detect risk of predation has resulted in a diverse
proliferation of behavioral responses to chemical cues associated with predators and …

Olfaction is commonly used by a variety of aquatic and terrestrial taxa to assess predation
risk. However, with a few exceptions (eg procellariformes and New World vultures), the …

Predation is a strong selective force with both direct and indirect effects on an animal's
fitness. In order to increase the chances of survival, animals have developed different …

Most species are at risk of predation during some, if not all, phases of their lives. As a result,
there exists strong selection pressure for early detection and avoidance of potential …

Associative learning may help to offset costs of unnecessary escape behaviour by providing
accurate information about the current risk to potential prey. We investigated innate …

The indirect, behavioral effects of predation and predator–predator interactions can
significantly alter the trophic ecology of many communities. In numerous instances, the …