The need for highly effective vaccines that induce robust and long-lasting immunity has
never been more apparent. However, for reasons that are still poorly understood, immune …

The study of the intestinal microbiota has begun to shift from cataloging individual members
of the commensal community to understanding their contributions to the physiology of the …

Recent findings point toward diet having a major impact on human health. Diets can either
affect the gut microbiota resulting in alterations in the host's physiological responses or by …

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody isotype in the mucosal immune
system. Structurally, IgA in the mucosal surface is a polymeric structure, while serum IgA is …

Highlights•The gut encompasses thousands of small metabolites, collectively termed the
metabolome.•The metabolome is contributed by diet, the host, and its microbiome.•Multiple …

The current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents a huge challenge for
health-care systems worldwide. Many different risk factors are associated with disease …

Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases.
Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive
module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and …

Innate immunity is a rapidly evolving field with novel cell types and molecular pathways
being discovered and paradigms changing continuously. Innate and adaptive immune …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined as chronic intestinal inflammation, and includes
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of …