Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids, and is thus a required
component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a complex gram-negative facultative anaerobe replete with a
variety of arsenals to activate, modify, and destroy host defense mechanisms. The microbe is …

In vitro data indicates that the kidney proximal tubule (PT) transporters of uremic toxins and
solutes (eg, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, kynurenine, creatinine, urate) include two “drug” …

The Ah receptor (AHR) has been studied for almost five decades. Yet, we still have many
important questions about its role in normal physiology and development. Moreover, we still …

The microbiome plays an essential role in the health and onset of diseases in all animals,
including humans. The microbiome has emerged as a central theme in environmental …

The kynurenine pathway is a fundamental mechanism of immunosuppression and
peripheral tolerance. It is increasingly recognized as playing a major role in the …

Abstract Programmed death (PD)-1 receptors and their ligands have been identified in the
pathogenesis and development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two key pathways …

Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), a homeodomain transcription factor, is well
established as a master factor controlling the self-renewal and pluripotency of pluripotent …

Electrophilic and oxidative stress is caused when homeostatic mechanisms are disrupted. A
major defense mechanism involves the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related …

Women with endometriosis, the growth of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus,
commonly also exhibit adenomyosis, the growth of endometrial tissues within the uterine …