Botanicals are widely consumed as dietary supplements, medicines, and consumer
products. Their chemical complexity and variability present challenges in safety assessment …

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years,
barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few …

In recent years, exploring natural compounds with functional properties to ameliorate aging-
associated cognitive decline has become a research priority to ensure healthy aging. In the …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), an age-associated neurodegenerative motor disorder, is
associated with dementia and cognitive decline. However, the precise molecular insight into …

The hippocampus is a neuron-rich specialised brain structure that plays a central role in the
regulation of emotions, learning and memory, cognition, spatial navigation, and motivational …

Introduction Recently, the awareness of the beneficial utilization of natural bioactive
compounds in treating neuroinflammation has gained particular attention. We aimed to …

Background and Purpose Kratom is a preparation from Mitragyna speciosa, which is used
as a natural drug preparation for many purposes around the world. However, an overdose of …

Morphine belongs to the class of opioids and is known for its potential to cause dependence
and addiction, particularly with prolonged use. Due to the associated risks, caution must be …

Background Mitragynine (MIT), the primary indole alkaloid of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa),
has been associated with addictive and cognitive decline potentials. In acute studies, MIT …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the age-associated neurodegenerative disorders,
is associated with motor abnormalities. In addition, the PD leads to gradual deterioration of …