Purpose Varicocele is defined as a state of varicosity and tortuosity of the pampiniform
plexus around the testis caused by retrograde blood flow through the internal spermatic …

Objective The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐testicular axis is characterised by the existence of
major functional changes from its establishment in fetal life until the end of puberty. The …

Schisandra chinensis Baillon (SC) has been utilized for its antioxidants and anti-
inflammatory activities in a broad variety of medical applications. However; SC uses for …

Background Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most prevalent causes of sperm damage,
through the toxic effects of endogenously generated hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion …

In the past, the indications for varicocelectomy are primarily for infertility with abnormal
semen parameters, testicular hypotrophy/atrophy in adolescents, and/or pain. The surgical …

Purpose Adolescence represents an important window for gonadal development. The aim of
this review is to carry out a critical excursus of the most recent literature on endogenous and …

Seminal oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of male factor infertility and can be measured
as oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). Studies showed significant negative relationships of …

Biomarkers are incorporated ubiquitously into clini-cal practice as surrogate endpoints of
physiologic and pathologic processes that cannot be measured directly. For example, a lipid …

Adriamycin (ADR), an antineoplastic drug, is widely used to treat different types of cancers.
Yet, the usage is limited because of its severe side effects on testis. On the other hand …

Context Verbascoside (VB), which is found in many medicinal plant families, exhibits
biological activities in various diseases. However, its effects on varicocele (VCL)-induced …