The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned
vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths
worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRC is a complex multistep process. Among other factors …

The severe hypoxia in solid tumors and the vicious aggregation‐caused fluorescence
quenching (ACQ) of conventional photosensitizers (PSs) have limited the application of …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease whose incidence has
risen worldwide in recent years. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress plays an …

(Macro) autophagy is a bulk degradation process that mediates the clearance of long-lived
proteins and organelles. Autophagy is initiated by double-membraned structures, which …

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychoactive constituent of cannabis, is considered an
antineoplastic agent on the basis of its in vitro and in vivo activity against tumor cells …

Autophagy is involved in human diseases and is regulated by reactive oxygen species
(ROS) including superoxide (O 2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). However, the relative …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as signaling molecules in various
pathways regulating both cell survival and cell death. Autophagy, a self-digestion process …

Inflammation is a self-defense response to protect individuals from infection and tissue
damage, but excessive or persistent inflammation can have adverse effects on cell survival …

Oxidative stress is defined as “a serious imbalance between the generation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences in favour of ROS, causing excessive …