The inner ear of mammals consists of the cochlea, which is involved with the sense of
hearing, and the vestibule and three semicircular canals, which are involved with the sense …

Comparative morphology, dealing with the diversity of form and shape, and functional
morphology, the study of the relationship between the structure and the function of an …

Quantitative shape analysis using geometric morphometrics is based on the statistical
analysis of landmark coordinates. Many structures, however, cannot be quantified using …

Background Variation is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is observable at all levels of
morphology, from anatomical variations of DNA molecules to gross variations between …

Using sampling experiments, we found that, when there are fewer groups than variables,
between-groups PCA (bgPCA) may suggest surprisingly distinct differences among groups …

The labyrinth of the vertebrate inner ear is a sensory system that governs the perception of
head rotations. Central hypotheses predict that labyrinth shape and size are related to …

Living archosaurs (birds and crocodylians) have disparate locomotor strategies that evolved
since their divergence∼ 250 mya. Little is known about the early evolution of the sensory …

The human inner ear has an intricate spiral shape often compared to shells of mollusks,
particularly to the nautilus shell. It has inspired many functional hearing theories. The …

The cortical bone that forms the structure of the cochlea, part of the osseous labyrinth of the
inner ear, is now one of the most frequently used skeletal elements in analyses of human …

The dispersal of modern humans from Africa is now well documented with genetic data that
track population history, as well as gene flow between populations. Phenetic skeletal data …