Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a highly common complication and the first cause of death
in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis (HD). In this population …

A growing number of publications supports a biologic effect of the protein-bound uremic
retention solutes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. However, the use of unrealistically high …

Background: Complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher
ischemic risk, which can be mitigated by long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) …

The gut microbiota has a crucial effect on regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity and
maintaining intestinal homeostasis both in health and in disease state. Many effects are …

The essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) is metabolized by gut commensals, yielding in
compounds that affect innate immune cell functions directly, but also acting on the aryl …

The host–gut microbiota interaction has been the focus of increasing interest in recent years.
It has been determined that this complex interaction is not only essential to many aspects of …

Indoxyl sulfate is an extensively studied uremic solute. It is a small molecule that is more
than 90% bound to plasma proteins. Indoxyl sulfate is derived from the breakdown of …

Evidence from the literature keeps highlighting the impact of mutualistic bacterial
communities of the gut microbiota on human health. The gut microbita is a complex …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) afflicts more than 500 million people worldwide and is one of
the fastest growing global causes of mortality. When glomerular filtration rate begins to fall …

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases cardiovascular risk. Underlying
mechanisms, however, remain obscure. The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate is an independent …