Growth factors and mitogens use the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade to transmit
signals from their receptors to regulate gene expression and prevent apoptosis. Some …

Dysregulated signaling through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways
is often the result of genetic alterations in critical components in these pathways or upstream …

Cancers arise owing to the accumulation of mutations in critical genes that alter normal
programmes of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. As the first stage of a systematic …

To evaluate the timing of mutations in BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
B1) during melanocytic neoplasia, we carried out mutation analysis on microdissected …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)
pathway is frequently mutated in human cancer. This pathway consists of a small GTP …

RAF proteins are components of a conserved signaling pathway that regulates cellular
responses to extracellular signals. Despite over 20 years of research into the regulation and …

Summry—The Raf/MEK/ERK signaling was the first MAP kinase cascade to be
characterized. It is probably one of the most well known signal transduction pathways …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT signaling cascades play critical roles in the
transmission of signals from growth factor receptors to regulate gene expression and …

G proteins provide signal-coupling mechanisms to heptahelical cell surface receptors and
are critically involved in the regulation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) …

Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm of melanocytes, and the microphthalmia‐associated
transcription factor (MITF) is essential for the existence of melanocytes. MITF's relevance for …