The worldwide incidence of bone disorders and conditions has trended steeply upward and
is expected to double by 2020, especially in populations where aging is coupled with …

Strategies for bone tissue regeneration have been continuously evolving for the last 25
years since the introduction of the “tissue engineering” concept. The convergence of the life …

Critical sized bone defects have to be filled with material to allow bone healing. The golden
standard for this treatment is autogenous bone grafting. Because of donor size morbidity …

The purpose of this review was to compare the efficacy and safety of synthetic bone graft
substitutes versus autograft or allograft for the treatment of lumbar and cervical spinal …

We reviewed 59 bone graft substitutes marketed by 17 companies currently available for
implantation in the United Kingdom, with the aim of assessing the peer-reviewed literature to …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinic for approximately 20 years.
During this period, various new populations of MSCs have been found or manipulated …

Spinal arthrodesis is an essential procedure in spine surgery which is performed to fuse two
or more vertebrae. Success rates and outcomes strictly depend on substrates used to …

Regenerative therapies in the musculoskeletal system are based on the suitable application
of cells, biomaterials, and/or factors. For an effective approach, numerous aspects have to …

Bone reconstruction techniques are mainly based on the use of tissue grafts and artificial
scaffolds. The former presents well-known limitations, such as restricted graft availability and …

Bone morphogenetic proteins have been in use in spinal surgery since 2002. These
proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily and guide mesenchymal stem cells to …