Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Astrocytes, one of the largest glial cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), play
a key function in several events of brain development and function, such as synapse …

The energy demands of the brain are high: they account for at least 20% of the body's
energy consumption. Evolutionary studies indicate that the emergence of higher cognitive …

Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence
indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and …

The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms
operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register …

For much of the 20th century, lactate was largely considered a dead‐end waste product of
glycolysis due to hypoxia, the primary cause of the O2 debt following exercise, a major …

Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are proton‐linked membrane carriers involved in the
transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, as well as ketone bodies. They …

Astrocytic energy demand is stimulated by K+ and glutamate uptake, signaling processes,
responses to neurotransmitters, Ca2+ fluxes, and filopodial motility. Astrocytes derive energy …

To determine whether plasma lactate can be a significant fuel for human brain energy
metabolism, infusions of [3-13C] lactate and 1H-13C polarization transfer spectroscopy were …

The brain is one of the most energy-consuming organs in the body. Satisfying such energy
demand requires compartmentalized, cell-specific metabolic processes, known to be …