Reactive oxidant species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypohalous
acid, and nitric oxide) are involved in many of the complex interactions between the invading …

Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas′ disease, which affects a large number
of individuals in Central and South America, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood …

The process by which viruses destabilize endosomal membranes in an acidification-
dependent manner has been mimicked with synthetic peptides that are able to disrupt …

Microorganisms use specialized systems to export virulence factors into host cells. Secretion
of effector proteins into the extracellular environment has been described in Trypanosoma …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the closely related organism Mycobacterium bovis can
survive and replicate inside macrophages. Intracellular survival is at least in part attributed to …

Parasitic protozoa are a major cause of global infectious disease. These eukaryotic
pathogens have evolved with the vertebrate immune system and typically produce long …

Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of morbidity in many
countries in Latin America. The important modes of transmission are by the bite of the …

Trypanosoma cruzi invades most nucleated cells by a mechanism distinct from classical
phagocytosis. Although parasites enter at the lysosome-poor peripheral cell margins …

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease
that affects millions of people mainly in Latin America. To establish a life-long infection, T …

Intracellular parasitism has arisen only a few times during the long ancestry of protozoan
parasites including in diverse groups such as microsporidians, kinetoplastids, and …