In the present research, the energy flow of electric vehicle batteries under different
environmental temperatures was experimentally examined in a climate chamber. The …

As HFC refrigerants widely employed in electric vehicle heat pump systems face stringent
restrictions due to environmental concerns, CO 2 has attracted significant attention as a …

The automotive industry seeks innovative solutions for energy-efficient and sustainable
vehicles. Conventional air-conditioning systems consume significant energy and have …

Scroll compressors are a crucial component of automotive air conditioning systems. When
operating at off-designed working conditions, over-compression can occur in the scroll …

CO 2 is assumed to be one of the most potential refrigerant alternatives for electric vehicles
for its excellent properties. However, the charge determination of CO 2 in current studies …

The complex coupling relationship in the cooling branch of direct-cooled battery thermal
management systems leads to increased difficulty in controlling the temperature of the …

High cooling demand in tropical regions like Thailand highlights the need for efficient air
conditioning systems to mitigate environmental impacts. This study explores ground source …

The thermal system is one of the most critical parts of electric vehicles since its performance
directly affects the vehicle's energy consumption and emissions. The current digital twin …

In cold, moisture-rich winter environments, window fogging represents a substantial safety
hazard for drivers. Electric vehicles often incorporate heat pump systems to address …

A novel CO 2 air-source heat pump system (ASHPs) with a secondary throttling based on a
single-stage compression was proposed to further improve the heating energy efficiency of …