Oxidative stress is mainly caused by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production,
which is highly associated with normal physiological homeostasis and the pathogenesis of …

Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ
that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

The incidence of diabetes has been increasing in recent decades which is affecting the
population of both, developed and developing countries. Diabetes is associated with micro …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and
is characterized by degeneration of retinal neurons and neoangiogenesis, causing a severe …

Abstract Purpose Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are highly susceptible to diabetes-induced
metabolic stress. This study describes the early responses of RGCs to hyperglycemia and …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and constitutes a major
cause of vision impairment and blindness in the world. DR has long been described …

Tumor microenvironment is fundamental for cancer progression and chemoresistance.
Among stromal cells tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest …

Vision impairment has devastating consequences for the quality of human life. The cells and
tissues associated with the visual process must function throughout one's life span and …

Autophagy is a self-degradative pathway involving intracellular substance degradation and
recycling. Recently, this process has attracted a great deal of attention for its fundamental …