The ChatGPT, a lite and conversational variant of Generative Pretrained Transformer 4 (GPT-
4) developed by OpenAI, is one of the milestone Large Language Models (LLMs) with …

This literature review presents the History, Technology, and Applications of Natural Dialog
Systems or simply chatbots. It aims to organize critical information that is a necessary …

This article discusses OpenAI's ChatGPT, a generative pre‐trained transformer, which uses
natural language processing to fulfill text‐based user requests (ie, a “chatbot”). The history …

Large language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence (AI)
research. However, the widespread use of LLMs is also coupled with significant ethical and …

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have sparked extensive discourse within
the medical education community, spurring both excitement and apprehension. Written from …

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches used to resolve annotator
disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However …

Technological development of the last several decades has driven open innovation towards
organizational, business, social, and economic change. Open innovation has emerged as …

Recent developments in natural language processing have led to the creation of large
language models, such as ChatGPT, which could generate human-like text. In this paper, we …

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) are becoming a promising energy-efficient
alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, the performance gap …

With the arrival of the Internet of Things (IoTs) era, there is a growing requirement for
systems with many sensor nodes in a variety of fields of applications. The demands for …